5.1 别名

在本教程中,您将学习如何使用MySQL别名来提高查询的可读性。

MySQL支持两种别名,称为列别名和表别名。下面来详细看看和学习MySQL中的别名。

MySQL列的别名

有时,列的名称是一些表达式,使查询的输出很难理解。要给列一个描述性名称,可以使用列别名。

以下语句说明了如何使用列别名:

SELECT 
 [column_1 | expression] AS descriptive_name
FROM table_name;

要给列添加别名,可以使用AS关键词后跟别名。 如果别名包含空格,则必须引用以下内容:

SELECT 
 [column_1 | expression] AS `descriptive name`
FROM table_name;

因为AS关键字是可选的,可以在语句中省略它。 请注意,还可以在表达式上使用别名。

我们来看看示例数据库(yiibaidb)中的employees表,其表结构如下所示 -

mysql> desc employees;
+----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field          | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| employeeNumber | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| lastName       | varchar(50)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| firstName      | varchar(50)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| extension      | varchar(10)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| email          | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| officeCode     | varchar(10)  | NO   | MUL | NULL    |       |
| reportsTo      | int(11)      | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
| jobTitle       | varchar(50)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
8 rows in set

以下查询选择员工的名字和姓氏,并将其组合起来生成全名。 CONCAT_WS函数用于连接名字和姓氏。

SELECT 
    CONCAT_WS(', ', lastName, firstname)
FROM
    employees;

执行上面代码,得到以下结果 -

mysql> SELECT 
    CONCAT_WS(', ', lastName, firstname)
FROM
    employees;
+--------------------------------------+
| CONCAT_WS(', ', lastName, firstname) |
+--------------------------------------+
| Murphy, Diane                        |
| Patterson, Mary                      |
| Firrelli, Jeff                       |
| Patterson, William                   |
| Bondur, Gerard                       |
| Bow, Anthony                         |
| Jennings, Leslie                     |
| Thompson, Leslie                     |
| Firrelli, Julie                      |
| Patterson, Steve                     |
| Tseng, Foon Yue                      |
| Vanauf, George                       |
| Bondur, Loui                         |
| Hernandez, Gerard                    |
| Castillo, Pamela                     |
| Bott, Larry                          |
| Jones, Barry                         |
| Fixter, Andy                         |
| Marsh, Peter                         |
| King, Tom                            |
| Nishi, Mami                          |
| Kato, Yoshimi                        |
| Gerard, Martin                       |
+--------------------------------------+
23 rows in set

在上面示例中,列标题很难阅读理解。可以为输出的标题分配一个有意义的列别名,以使其更可读,如以下查询:

SELECT
 CONCAT_WS(', ', lastName, firstname) AS `Full name`
FROM
 employees;

执行上面代码,得到以下结果 -

mysql> SELECT
 CONCAT_WS(', ', lastName, firstname) AS `Full name`
FROM
 employees;
+--------------------+
| Full name          |
+--------------------+
| Murphy, Diane      |
| Patterson, Mary    |
| Firrelli, Jeff     |
... ...
| King, Tom          |
| Nishi, Mami        |
| Kato, Yoshimi      |
| Gerard, Martin     |
+--------------------+
23 rows in set

在MySQL中,可以使用ORDER BYGROUP BYHAVING子句中的列别名来引用该列。

以下查询使用ORDER BY子句中的列别名按字母顺序排列员工的全名:

SELECT
 CONCAT_WS(' ', lastName, firstname) `Full name`
FROM
 employees
ORDER BY
 `Full name`;

执行上面代码,得到以下结果 -

mysql> SELECT
 CONCAT_WS(' ', lastName, firstname) `Full name`
FROM
 employees
ORDER BY
 `Full name`;
+-------------------+
| Full name         |
+-------------------+
| Bondur Gerard     |
| Bondur Loui       |
| Bott Larry        |
| Bow Anthony       |
| Castillo Pamela   |
| Firrelli Jeff     |
| Firrelli Julie    |
| Fixter Andy       |
| Gerard Martin     |
| Hernandez Gerard  |
| Jennings Leslie   |
| Jones Barry       |
| Kato Yoshimi      |
| King Tom          |
| Marsh Peter       |
| Murphy Diane      |
| Nishi Mami        |
| Patterson Mary    |
| Patterson Steve   |
| Patterson William |
| Thompson Leslie   |
| Tseng Foon Yue    |
| Vanauf George     |
+-------------------+
23 rows in set

以下语句查询总金额大于60000的订单。它在GROUP BYHAVING子句中使用列别名。

SELECT
 orderNumber `Order no.`,
 SUM(priceEach * quantityOrdered) total
FROM
 orderdetails
GROUP BY
 `Order no.`
HAVING
 total > 60000;

执行上面查询语句,得到以下结果 -

mysql> SELECT
 orderNumber `Order no.`,
 SUM(priceEach * quantityOrdered) total
FROM
 orderdetails
GROUP BY
 `Order no.`
HAVING
 total > 60000;
+-----------+----------+
| Order no. | total    |
+-----------+----------+
|     10165 | 67392.85 |
|     10287 | 61402.00 |
|     10310 | 61234.67 |
+-----------+----------+
3 rows in set

请注意,不能在WHERE子句中使用列别名。原因是当MySQL评估求值WHERE子句时,SELECT子句中指定的列的值可能尚未确定。

MySQL表的别名

可以使用别名为表添加不同的名称。使用AS关键字在表名称分配别名,如下查询语句语法:

table_name AS table_alias

该表的别名称为表别名。像列别名一样,AS关键字是可选的,所以完全可以省略它。

一般在包含INNER JOINLEFT JOINself join子句和子查询的语句中使用表别名。

下面来看看客户(customers)和订单(orders)表,它们的ER图如下所示 -

两个表都具有相同的列名称:customerNumber。如果不使用表别名来指定是哪个表中的customerNumber列,则执行查询时将收到类似以下错误消息:

Error Code: 1052. Column 'customerNumber' in on clause is ambiguous

为避免此错误,应该使用表别名来限定customerNumber列:

SELECT
 customerName,
 COUNT(o.orderNumber) total
FROM
 customers c
INNER JOIN orders o ON c.customerNumber = o.customerNumber
GROUP BY
 customerName
HAVING total >=5
ORDER BY
 total DESC;

执行上面查询语句,得到以下结果 -

mysql> SELECT
 customerName,
 COUNT(o.orderNumber) total
FROM
 customers c
INNER JOIN orders o ON c.customerNumber = o.customerNumber
GROUP BY
 customerName
HAVING total >=5
ORDER BY
 total DESC;
+------------------------------+-------+
| customerName                 | total |
+------------------------------+-------+
| Euro+ Shopping Channel       |    26 |
| Mini Gifts Distributors Ltd. |    17 |
| Reims Collectables           |     5 |
| Down Under Souveniers, Inc   |     5 |
| Danish Wholesale Imports     |     5 |
| Australian Collectors, Co.   |     5 |
| Dragon Souveniers, Ltd.      |     5 |
+------------------------------+-------+
7 rows in set

上面的查询从客户(customers)和订单(orders)表中选择客户名称和订单数量。 它使用c作为customers表的表别名,o作为orders表的表别名。customersorders表中的列通过表别名(co)引用。

如果您不在上述查询中使用别名,则必须使用表名称来引用其列,这样的会使得查询冗长且可读性较低,如下 -

SELECT
 customers.customerName,
 COUNT(orders.orderNumber) total
FROM
 customers
INNER JOIN orders ON customers.customerNumber = orders.customerNumber
GROUP BY
 customerName
ORDER BY
 total DESC

在本教程中,我们向演示了如何使用MySQL别名,使查询更易于阅读和更易于理解。

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